Syria’s de facto new leader Ahmed al-Sharaa is likely to deliver a clear message to US diplomats, expected to arrive in Damascus with a clear message: Under his rule, there will be no threat to the West. Sharaa, who has dropped his nom de guerre of Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, is pushing hard this line in meetings with Western diplomats and the media since rebel forces, led by his Hayat Tahrir al-Sham group, or HTS, toppled the regime of President Bashar al-Assad. As his new administration takes charge, he has also called for the United States and other countries to drop sanctions against Syria.
“Now, after all that has happened, sanctions must be lifted because they were targeted at the old regime,” Sharaa, dressed in a smart suit and a white shirt, told the BBC in an interview, having abandoned the camouflage military fatigues and turban he once wore as a jihadist leader.
“The victim and the oppressor should not be treated in the same way,” he said. He has also attempted to move away from his past as a jihadist leader with links to both the Islamic State terrorist group and Al Qaeda.
Shifting his posture from a rebel to a moderate leader, even with change of attire from military fatigues to smart diplomatic suits, even dropping his archetypal Muslim name to a more appealing one, Sharaa has vowed to work for an era of change driven by a vision of an inclusive Syria in which the country’s many religious and ethnic groups will be represented.
But with a $10 million U.S. bounty on his head and as the current leader of a group that has been designated a terrorist organization by Washington and others, he faces an uphill task to convince people that he is a much-changed man. Sharaa has “been embracing a more conventional image,” Joze Pelayo, an associate director at the Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative, told NBC News. “But I think he needs to walk the talk for that recognition and for that approval to remain sustainable.”
Sharaa has also attempted to present HTS as more moderate, insisting in his BBC interview that it should not be considered a terrorist group because it does not target civilians or civilian areas.
Unlike the Taliban in Afghanistan, which barred women from higher education, public spaces like parks and most jobs, Sharaa would be much more inclusive and had pointed to HTS’ record in regions it has governed in recent years, particularly in the city of Idlib in Syria’s northwest, BBC reported.
There, he said, universities had been teaching “for more than eight years,” adding, “I think the percentage of women in universities is more than 60%.” Sharaa also promised that a Syrian committee of legal experts would be formed to write a new constitution for the country. “They will decide. And any ruler or president will have to follow the law,” he said.
“He’s saying all of the things that I think Washington and Europe want to hear in terms of a transition leading to a government that’s inclusive and reflective of the will of all Syrians,” said Dana Stroul, a former senior Défense Department official who served in the Biden administration.
“What we do not know is, how long that will hold? Will he walk the walk and not just talk the talk? And if he does not win in the elections, will he peacefully stand aside for whoever does win? Those are big questions,” added Stroul, who is now a fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
The Biden administration has said it is weighing whether to remove HTS from its list of terrorist organizations — but that will depend on whether it views Sharaa and his new leadership group as one with which it can engage.
“We’re watching what they do now and certainly making clear that they want to be inclusive in dealing with other groups inside Syria, making clear that they respect women and minorities as they stand up interim governing authorities — making clear that Syria won’t be used as a base for terrorist groups,” State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said.
But while many are wary of Sharaa’s transformation, throughout Syria’s civil war he carved out his own path during his rise to power, defying ISIS and Al Qaeda along the way. 
Born in Syria in 1982, he was among the foreign fighters to cross into Iraq to fight against U.S. forces after they invaded the country in 2003 and was detained by the American military, according to The Associated Press.
As Syria’s civil war erupted in 2011, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), sent him back home to establish the Al-Nusra Front, a branch of Al Qaeda. But when Baghdadi called on Sharaa to merge Al-Nusra with the ISI and form ISIS, he refused and instead pledged allegiance to Al Qaeda.
In 2017, he dissolved the Al-Nusra Front to form HTS, which would maintain power in Idlib before it led the sweeping rebel takeover of Syria earlier this month, forcing out Assad and his regime.
Sharaa’s track record as a leader in Idlib, where HTS was in control, was positive, current and former U.S. officials have said. But it is an open question how he and his allies would fare governing the whole country, which is much more diverse than Idlib.
But in a report last year on human rights practices in Syria, the State Department said HTS had “reportedly permitted confessions obtained through torture and executed or forcibly disappeared perceived opponents and their families.”
HTS held detainees “incommunicado in secret detention facilities referred to as ‘security prisons,’” it added, citing another study by the United Nations Commission of Inquiry for Syria.
Hossam Jazmati, a Syrian researcher who has written extensively about Sharaa, also noted that for months in Idlib, the HTS leader had faced protests from both hard-line Islamists and more moderate Syrian activists, some of whom accused HTS of trying to quell critics’ voices with arrests and detentions.
Jazmati said Sharaa will have to carefully consider his approach should opposition to his leadership arise in Damascus and beyond —particularly if he wants the support of the international community. That approval, he added, “is what matters most for him so that his organization is removed from terrorism classification.”
Pelayo at the Atlantic Council agreed. Sharaa understood “the importance of projecting the appearance of a modern leader to facilitate normalization, avoid further tensions and remove the current sanctions that are on the Syrian government,” he said.
“Over the past two weeks, he has shown that he can tweak kind of his ideological background if that means success for his political aspirations,” Pelayo said, adding that Sharaa appeared to “have a lot” of them.
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